The History And Methods Of Soap Making

The History And Methods Of Soap Making Some individuals find it amusing to make their own soaps at home. Soap making has been a pleasurable hobby to a few soapers, as they are frequently called. Isnt it a great way to bond with your kids over the weekend? More than that soap making encourages enjoyment either for pleasure or as an earning potentials just by being creative in your talents. The wonder of soap making is that you can get your imagination run wild and come up with something unique that is entirely based to your own specifications and liking. You can likewise create exceptionally fun gifts for any occasions. Which are better, handmade soaps or commercial soaps? Why not choose commercially produce soap? Little did we know that these commercial soaps are unhealthy to our skin? Normally, we tend to buy soaps that give the most lather and stronger fragrance which is likely the more reason that we should not choose. The lather is actually just chemicals that we enjoy rubbing in our skins which may eventually cause dry scaly skin. Handmade soaps are better than those we buy commercially. Why? Because handmade soap uses only oils from flowers, herbs and spices that bring about the natural aromatherapy which gives a soothing effect on our body. They are basically hypoallergenic and safe to use all over our body even to face and hair. If you want to know more about homemade soaps then read on. In this book, I will show you how fun and easy it is to create your own handcrafted exotic designed soaps. Plus, the ultimate factor is to turn your personal hobby into a lucrative business. How would you like a grasp of that splendid opportunity? Soaps Humble Beginnings We have been using soap every day in our lives since we were born. But have you ever paused for a moment and wonder how all this started? The farthest demonstration I can find that people uses soap is from the earlier history which dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon. A formula was found written in a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC consisting of water, alkali and cassia oil. Before that there were no records or documentation that the grand baths of kings and queens are soaps, instead they use essential oils. In 1550 BC Ancient Egyptian were found to bathe regularly in animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salt. Beginning from the 7th century soap was produced in West Bank, Kufa and Vassra (Iraq). Soaps were already perfumed and colored and come in liquid or solid form at that time. Even soaps for shaving already exist. In the 8th century, soap making was then a renowned necessity for both man and woman. The recognition was attributed to Charlemagne who mentioned that soap is one of the useful products. Chemists were the ones who produced the soap made from vegetable oil (olive oil), aromatic oils (thyme oil), and lye (al-Sosa-al-Kawia). During the 13th century, a manuscript was found to contain soap recipes such as sesame oil, a sprinkle of potash, alkali, and some lime. Mixed all together and boil. When cooked, they are poured into molds and left to set producing a hard soap. A local record of the Bristol Company of soap makers were found in the year 1562 1642 which includes the names of more than 180 individuals including members of the family and those who were engage in trading for the business. Included in the record was the production of Bristol soap which is a soft type of black soap and Bristol grey soap which is the harder type was believed to have been largely supplied in London sold only a penny per pound. In the 16th century finer soaps are introduced using vegetable oil. In this modern time history, a better understanding of hygiene emanated due to the need of reducing population of pathogenic microorganisms. It was until the 17th century that a commercial production was born a high quality transparent soap product was introduced by Andrew Pears in 1789 in London. It was then during the late 18th century that soaps were industrially manufactured after promoting awareness for cleanliness and health. In 1862 Andrew Pears son-in-law Thomas J. Barratt opened a factory in Isleworth. Low-priced good quality soap was produced by William Gossage. Soap powder was manufactured by Robert Spear Hudson in 1837 by grinding the soap with mortar and pestle. Up to this day, Unilever is the largest soap business which was founded by William Hesketh Lever and his brother James who bought a small soap works in Warrington in 1885. It was also in 1806 that a certain William Colgate opened the first great soap making concern in New York called Colgate and Company, They started selling individual soaps of the same size or weights only in 1830. Then in 1872 they introduced the first perfumed soap called cashmere bouquet. Competition started to manifest when William Proctor and James Gamble opened a new business by selling candles and soaps house to house. They started their business venture in Cincinnati, and achieve tremendous success in a few years time and became a huge manufacturer. They distribute products in large quantities to major cities and in 1879, Proctor and Gamble launched Ivory Soap in the Western United States. Another company was born, B.J. Johnson making soap entirely from palm and olive oil. Their soap gained incredible success that that pave way to renaming their company after palm that brought about the birth of Palmolive. The emergence of this four major companies transformed soap into a multi-billion dollar industry. The intense of their competition also give rise to the introduction of laundry detergents in the early 1990s.CHAPTER 1 Superstitions and Myths The Folklores of Soap As I tried to look into the Myths of Soap, it made me aghast to find out the different versions of their story. Some says soaps are made from human corpses while others say otherwise. Would you believe that? Yuck!!!! Yes, that was my prompt reaction. But it is what it is they say. This is the storyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. During World War II, the mass production of soap was originally taken from the Jewish concentration camp victims. However, the Yad Vashem Memorial denied the fact that the Nazis did not mass produced soap from human corpses. They said that the story was only made up to scare off the inmates. On the contrary, evidence shows the possibility that research facilities did developed a process of soap production from human bodies. The speculations of human soap came about because of the presumption of the labels RIF found on bars of soap, meaning Reichs-Juden-Fett or translated as the State Jewish Fat. It was then explained that in German acronym, i and j were frequently interchanged, they vary only in length. It was then afterwards corrected. RIF stands for Reichsstelle fur Industrielle Fettversorgung or National Center for Industrial Fat Provisioning. The RIF is the German government agency who was in-charge of soap and other washing materials in production and distribution. They concluded that RIF soap is a substitute product of poor quality and does not contain human fat at all. This story has been circulating Lubin in October 1942, apparently the Germans knew about this. In fact a certain chief Heinrich Himmler received a letter stating that Poles believed the story of the Jewish people being boiled into soap. As the word spread so widely, instilling fear in the minds of Polish population gave them the reason to boycott the buying of soaps. This prompted Himmler to cremate or bury the bodies immediately. I thought that was the end of a gruesome story but there is more. A certain Sigmund Mazur, a laboratory assistant at the Danzig Anatomical Institute testified in the Nuremberg trial. He attested to the truth that production of soap was made from the corpse fats at the camp. More so, he added that 40 bodies can extract 70 to 80 kg of fat and can produce more than 25 kg of soap. Finished products are kept under the hand of Professor Spanner. This time there are available witnesses to his statement, they are The British POWs (the labors that constructed the camp), Dr. Stanislaw Byczkowski (head of the Department of Toxicology at the Gdansk School of Medicine). The holocaust survivor, Thomas Blatt who investigated the subject found only a few concrete documentations and with great frustration found no evidence of the said experimental soap. Somehow, evidence came up proving that a small scale of experimental soap production did exist. Mazur even gave a copy of the recipe. Here it is: 5 kilos of human fat, mixed with 10 liters of water with 500 or 1000 grams of caustic soda. Boiled all together for 3 hours and then cooked. The soap will float and the rest of the sediments and water remains at the bottom. A bit of salt and soda is added to this mixture. Then again water is added boiled for another 2 3 hours. Letting it cold, the cold then is poured into its mold. There are more other versions of the story like the report made by Alexander Werth that he did actually see the experimental factor and saw the parts of the corpses. We also have the Alain Resnais who published the testimony of the Holocaust survivor. Acting on the contrary side is the Historian Yisrael Gutman who specifically said that it was never done on a mass scale. Then it was corrected by a certain Holocaust historian Robert Melvin Spector that the Nazis did indeed use human fat for the making of soap in limited quantity though. The veracity of the myth is difficult to solve, it is up to you how you want to conclude this part of the story. On my side, I am still overwhelmed with disbelief. What about you, would you rather believe the myth, or not? CHAPTER 2 Soap Description and Its Composition Basic elements of soap amaking http://www.purenaturalsoap.org/basic-elements-soap-making-ingredients.html CHAPTER 3 Tools You Need Lets get started with your soap making venture Soap making, it is not as hard as you think it is. Take time to look into your kitchen you might find the things you need, if not you can always visit nearby stores. If you are not much of a kitchen person, I presume that you should need to go shopping first. Funny as it may sound but you do have to go buy the important and basic tools you need before moving further on. What you need are the following: Scale (digital or manual) have an accurate scale measuring 1/10th of an ounce. This is used to measure all your ingredients like oil, lye, fragrance, additives and water. Safety goggles and rubber gloves you must wear this during the process to protect your eyes and hands from lye solutions and caustic raw soap Stainless steel pitcher with lid or any heat resistant plastic this is use for mixing your solution. Large stainless steel or plastic spoon definitely for stirring solutions. For smaller soaps (2-3 lbs) you may use a large pyrex pitcher, but for bigger size you will need an 8-12 quart stainless steel pot. Glass or plastic bowl or a pitcher- this is use to hold your liquid oils before adding to the soap pot. Candy or Meat Thermometer an accurate and quick reading is preferred to monitor the temperature of your solution and melted oils. Small beakers, ramekins or measuring cups this is used to hold your fragrance oils, colorants, separated soap and additives before adding to the soap. Small spoons and whisks use to blend colorants, fragrance oils, and melted oils. Large stainless steel or plastic ladle is used to ladle out a bit of raw soap to blend colorants . Stick Blender blend oils and other mixture and start saponification process. Soap mold be creative, you can use any shape of container that are leak-proof. You may use plastic, glass, or stainless steel. Never use aluminum or metal. Plastics are preferable. Rubber spatulas- used for scraping to make use of all mixture leaving nothing to waste. Paper towels or dish cloths for wiping spills. Rags to catch spills while working Peeler, scotch tape and knife CHAPTER 4 Easy Steps of Soap Making Rule of thumb: There are various approaches in making soap. The easiest way is to buy pre-mixed or soap making packs that are readily available in the market. The other one is to buy individually the ingredients needed along with the useful tools required for your soap making operandi. The ingredients and tools you need for your homemade soap will depend of course on the method you choose, we have the melt and pour method, hot or cold process, Rebatching or Milled soap, and the liquid soap. Soap Making Methods Melt and Pour Soap Making Method This is the easiest and most common way to make your own homemade soap. If you are a novice on this undertaking you may choose this method, as the title melt and pour suggest all you have to do is melt a pre-made soap base into a liquid then probably add some extra ingredients and then pour it to your desired mold designà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. and Presto! You have your own new specially created homemade soap. Using translucent or opaque glycerin soap for melting is absolutely favorable to your skin because it consists only of vegetable oils. Cold Process Method This is more challenging, a mixture of science and personal touch of artistry is what makes this method uniquely your own style. This method is the most versatile, let you visualize and naturally brings out your creativity. In this way, you are obliged to make your own soap base from scratch through saponification which means soap making. What is saponification process? It is the process where oil or fat (tristearin) is treated with sodium hydroxide solution called lye to form soap and glycerine. When chemical reaction starts to occur, other ingredients may now be added of your choice excluding artificial ingredients whatever your preference would be. Hot Process Method The hot method process is similar to the cold process only heat is used to speed up the saponification process. You may use an oven, a crock pot or even a microwave for the heat application. This has been an age old usage in soap making. One disadvantage of this method though, is the difficulty of removing the finished product from its mold. But it has also its advantageous gain; cure time is greatly reduced thus skipping weeks of waiting and able to use your new soap right away. Rebatching or Milled Method This method involves shredding your own soap creation, melting and adding your specially selected choice of additional ingredients. This is most likely the same with melt and pours however, in this method you do not use a pre-made soap to shred. This method requires that you know the hot and cold method first. You can used this method particularly for your unsuccessful batches, save it and re-melt the soap for your next project. Proper Steps-by-step Process of Making Soap B-1 Preparation Stage I know you are already intensely excited to know how to start your soap making adventure. Let me not hinder your curiosity any longer, here is what you should do during the preparation stage. COLD PROCESS METHOD Step 1 Getting Ready. Before starting, make sure that you have everything you need. Plan ahead. It is better if you can spare extra time reading and learning everything you need to know before attempting to make your own homemade soaps. If you can do that I am pretty sure of your enormous success. Choosing your perfect location. An ideal area should be close to the oven, easy access to water, a large flat table where you can work and a part of the house that is free from distractions. Preferably your own private area, if possible if not then any place that has the least distraction. Taking care and protecting your workplace. Cover your area with vinyl table cloth (optional), on this way it is easier for you to wipe and clean your surface and avoid oil leaks running through your table. Vinyl cloths are reusable and affordable that is why I highly recommend you use the same. Setting up equipments and ingredients. Set up all your soap making supplies according to your working convenience and flow. A working place you feel comfortable and set up in a manner that works with you even with your eyes close. Preparing your soap molds. You may line up your molds in one place ready with its plastic wrap or butcher paper. Preparing your insulation area Lay down a blanket on a warm draft area where you will allow your process soap to cool down for 24 hours. And in that side, prepare an extra piece of butchers paper to use for covering the top of your soap. A Styrofoam or a plywood is also recommended. It will be put on top of the wax paper to regulate the heat during the cooling period and protects the soap from any possible accidents. Rapid heat loss may result to a chalky soap. Step 2 Preparing your Favorite Additives. If you are a novice to soap making, I advise you try on with a couple of additives at first. As you get the feel of soap making you can always add more additive techniques. How to pre-heat your oven. Oven must be warm and not hot. Meaning you are able to remove what you place inside with your bare hands no need for mitts! How to measure additives and essential oils Measuring your botanicals or colorants in advance and placing them on ramekins encourage a faster and convenient working scenario once you start making homemade soaps. You may do it also with your essential oils or rosemary extracts if you are using it and superfatting nutrients and keep them in a small sealed jar. An organized area benefits you with ease and peace of mind which is very helpful to keep your mind focus on what you are doing. Step 3 The Proper Way to Measure Base Ingredients. All steps in making soaps are considered important, but we need to pay extra attention on weighing ingredients with ultimate accuracy. Familiarize yourself with the weighing scale. Inaccurate measurement will just waste your time, money and effort. Lye and oil if measured wrongly will tend to get heavy in cold process soap which either you have to rework or throw away. How to prepare and measure lye Measure water and place in a jug. Get ready and wear your working clothes wear goggles, gloves, long sleeve clothing and safety equipment before putting your hand on sodium hydroxide. You may now measure your lye and slowly pour it into the water and stirring simultaneously until lye crystals are completely dissolved. Fumes will start to manifest as you mix the lye solution. What I do during this time is to hold my breath until lye is dissolve and leave the working area for a few minutes or until fumes disappear. IMPORTANT: Always add the sodium hydroxide to the water and not the other way around. If you mistakenly mix sodium to water an unpleasant and violent reaction could occur. How to measure base oils Measure each solid oils and place it into the stainless steel pot. Set the heat on a medium- low as you continue to measure the other ingredients, your solid oil is also gradually melting. And once the solid oils have melted remove the pot from your heating equipment before putting the other liquid oils and grapefruit seed extract into the pot. (extracts are optional) Step 4 The Proper Way of Mixing Oils and Lye Mixing oil varies from 5 to 10 minutes or even up to an hour depending on the ingredients you use. How to combine lye solution and oil mixture. Slowly pour the lye solution into the pot of oils using a whisk for stirring. Steadily and firmly continue stirring adequately fast enough to keep the mixture in constant motion but not too fast as to spill out some of the mixture. Your goal is to get the oil, lye, and water to combine well to make the soap. Thoroughly stir the mixture reaching all areas of the pot. The mixture will turn creamy and opaque and then begins to thicken. How to stir mixture that reaches its trace point. Continue stirring until reaching a thin trace. At this point we need to maintain a thin trace yet since we still have ingredients to add. How can you determine trace? What is trace? Trace means the lye-water and your heated oil are well blended and that the mixture will not separate back to its original oils and lye-water. To test your trace, deep a spatula or spoon into your mix then drip it back to the mix, if it takes a second or two to disappear back into the mix then youve got the trace right. Step 5 Adding Essential Additives of Your Choice and Pouring Soap to Your Mold. This is where your creativity comes in. Pour in all decorative and unique design soap making ideas at this point. How to incorporate additives B-2 How to Determine Temperature Step 1 How to check the temperature (COLD PROCESS) Lye solutions can be heated or cooled in a hot or cold water bath in the sink. Oils can be heated on heating elements or cooled in a cold water bath. Temperatures of oil mixture and lye solution should be at 90 95 degrees Fahrenheit or 32 35 degrees Celsius. It may be difficult to get temperatures almost the same but it gets easier as you develop on how to get the feel of the time frame or how long you can get lye to cool down.

Challenges of Raising a Disabled Child Essay

Caring for a child with a disability can be challenging due to parenting responsibilities and the difficulties they encounter when interacting with an often unreceptive environment. Consequently, parents can be at increased risk for excessive levels of personal distress which in turn can adversely affect the well being of the child and the entire family unit (Plant & Sanders, 2007). Parents of children with disabilities can be at an increased risk for psychosocial distress (Parish, Rose, Grinstein-Weiss, Richman & Andrews, 2008; Plant & Sanders, 2007). The parenting responsibilities for parents of children with disabilities often require a significant amount of time to complete, can be physically demanding, can disrupt family and social relationships, and can adversely affect caregiver employment (Brannen & Heflinger, 2006; Seller & Heller, 1997). Perhaps as a consequence of these additional impacts, family caregivers of children with disabilities can be at increased risk to experience depression, physical health problems, and decreased quality of life (Feldman, et al. , 2007; Ones, Yilmaz, Cetinkaya, & Calgar, 2002). The added challenges of caring for a child with a disability may lead to more stress and greater physical and emotional health risks for parents and their families (e. g. , increased conflict with spouse; Murphy, Christian, Caplin & Young, 2006) compared to families without a child with a disability (Feldman et al. , 2007). This topic is particularly personal for me because I know first hand the psychological affects and challenges that a handicap child could have on parents, family members, and friends. My son was two months when I notice that something just wasn’t right with him. I noticed him favoring one side instead of looking straight ahead. I mentioned my concerns to our family doctor. His doctor didn’t see it as a problem. She said to just continue to watch him. Two months passed and still no change, so at his next appointment I expressed my concern again. I insisted that she run tests on my son immediately. I knew something seemed different; I just couldn’t put my finger on it. I had already had two other boys so something just didn’t sit right with me. The doctor sent my son to be tested at University of Maryland Hospital and my son was diagnosed with Hydrocephalus Dandywalker Malformation with Palsy. He had to have surgery at six months to have a shunt placement to drain the water from his brain. I was devastated. My husband and I went through several defense mechanisms. The first I believe was denial. We didn’t want to face the fact that something was wrong with our child, our baby. He seemed so perfect when he was born just a few months ago. We went through repression, rationalization and intellectualization. We couldn’t wrap our minds around the fact that our child would be different from other children. Nobody wants to believe that something is wrong with their child. I felt a little embarrassed for fear of what people might think about our child or what someone would say. So many things raced around my mind. We wanted to blame the doctors; maybe they did something wrong in my prenatal care. I went over in my mind again and again of every little thing I did when pregnant to ensure that I had did everything I was supposed to do. I didn’t drink, smoke or do drugs. What happened? We tried to search our family history genetics. We just came up empty. My husband and I became depressed, frustrated, and angry. I felt helpless about my son’s condition. I wasn’t sure what to do. Finally, I began to investigate my son’s condition. I read all I could get my hands on. I searched for schools and other medical resources to help me address my son’s needs. In the back of my mind I was still trying to make sense of the fact that my son had a developmental and neurological problem that would affect him for the rest of his life. I wondered what restrictions we would face now and in the future. I still wasn’t sure if I could cope with his lack of development neurologically, physically, mentally or emotionally. I began to question God. I wondered why me. I wasn’t sure if I would have to stop working. I wondered how we as a family would work together to stay a family. I had so many questions, but no answers. I prayed asking God for help and guidance. Later, I began to realize that I had to be strong. I had to accept what the reality was with my son and his disability. It hasn’t been easy. We faced many financial problems, medical issues, several hospitalizations for my son, divorce; daycare issues especially since my son needed twenty four hour daycare. Day care is very expensive as well as diapers and wipes for disabled children. Insurance covers some things but not enough. A person has to be making next to nothing in order to get any assistance from the government; we needed assistance regardless of what we made monetary. I would have never known what disabled families went through to get their voice heard and children’s needs assisted unless I had to face these great challenges myself. So much goes into raising a child with disabilities. There are many variables that factor into taking care of a disabled child. Financial hardships are another important factor that influences parents’ wellbeing. In general families with children with disabilities experience much higher expenditures than other families (Newacheck and Kim, 2005) found that, on average, the total annual health care expenditures for children with disabilities were more than three times as much compared to children without disabilities. The financial strain incurred by families of children with disabilities is likely due to increased expenses related to the child’s needs as well as loss of employment or inability to work because of parenting responsibilities (Murphy et al. , 2006; Parish et al. 2008; Worcester et al. , 2008). Inability to engage in employment can also lead to feelings of isolation, a lack of fulfillment and low self-esteem (Shearn & Todd, 2000). Families of children with disabilities often report feeling isolated from the community (Freedman& Boyer, 2000; Worcester et al. , 2008). What I’ve learned from researching the challenges of raising a child with disabilities; as well as bein g a parent of a disabled child is that there is still so much more to be done. There is still research that hasn’t been touched regarding parents and their disable children. We the parents have to be the voices for our disable children. We have to be better informed about what our disabled children rights are. We have to be willing and ready to fight on behalf of our disable children. Parents and state officials have to work to get better laws passed to accommodate disabled children. Disabled children need better health care programs, better schools; a place for them to be themselves. Parents need a place to relax and not have to worry about dirty looks that people who don’t have disabled children give them. Parents shouldn’t have to feel ashamed that they have disabled children. We shouldn’t be looked down upon because our children are different. Our children shouldn’t be bullied or treated like they are worthless. Our children are special. They deserve the best that we can help them to achieve in life. They deserve a chance like the rest of us. We’ve got to come together and help each other to provide a better life for all! The questions we should ask researchers to study are many. One could be what’s being done to assist parents with disabled children? Are there programs to assist parents in child care for disabled children? Normal daycare centers are for infants through 12 years of age. As of today my disabled son is 16 years old and there’s really no day care for children his age. Another question is why do they go according to parents’ income in order to assist with social security disability? A parent shouldn’t have to be jobless in order to obtain assistance from social security disability. Yet a person who walks into social security disability and say my back hurt or that they have a condition can obtain money; work the system while the truly disabled suffer. There are so many people working the disability system and really aren’t disabled. We have to help the programs we have for our disabled children actually help the disabled children. In conclusion caring for a child with a disability can be challenging, but many of these challenges are likely due to a lack of necessary environmental supports. Future research should expand on these findings and policy makers, scientists and providers should give particular attention to the environmental support needs of parents in order to create policies and interventions that are more family centered.

The theme of Madness in Othello, Hamlet, and King Lear Free Essay Example, 1250 words

He mirrors chaos that has fallen upon the kingdom. However, the same issue provides him with significant information that reduced him to a casual human being, stripped of all royal pretensions. Lear the King learns the aspect of humility and is joined by actual madness by Edgar feigning insanity, which contains nuggets of knowledge for the king to my wisdom. Meanwhile, Edgar’s time as a beggar who is supposedly insane hardens him and makes him ready to work towards defeating Edmund at the end of the play. Lear in his turmoil states that â€Å"Let not womens weapons, water-drops, stain my mans cheeks! † (2.4.277). He is fearing that women are on the verge of making her go mad. The women are her daughters ( Shakespeare, 277). This can still be easily related to the portrayal of the theme of jealousy in Othello in the sense that if one tries to compare and contrast the theme of jealousy with King Lear, it is evident that the style of writing is artistic and creates room for the audience to figure out the manner in which the two plays portray the themes in a scholarly and dramatic manner. We will write a custom essay sample on The theme of Madness in Othello, Hamlet, and King Lear or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Othello is jealous though he describes himself as being wrought in nature. His tragedy lies in the fact that his entire nature was in the surrounding of jealousy and yet he was open in an unusual sense to deception, and wrought o passion. He is likely to behave with little reflection, and without delay, and in a manner that is decisive and conceivable. The fat in this case is that Othello was only temperamentally jealous, but the idea behind that has some plausibility of the plays intention of studying a noble barbarian. He is a Moor who has decided to change to Christianity and has some imbibed employer civilization and retains the savage passions of the blood of the Moors. More so, Shakespeare portrays the theme of madness in Hamlet, which is a tragicomedy and an artistic coiling of the Elizabethan theatre. Madness may be mental incapacitation caused by injury that is unmentionable. Such wounds are not easily perceived but may come as a revelation at the time of immense stress. In the play Hamlet, the search for revenge is a real proof for madness in publicity degrees that causes harm to the audience (Shakespeare, 320). Shakespeare has created the theme of madness in Hamlet and employed a number of characters in ensuring that it is propelled fully and the intention of the play Hamlet is achieved. This has come as a result of the use of able characters like Laertes, Hamlet, and Claudis.

Language The Power Of Language - 1575 Words

The Power Of Language What is the meaning of language? How big the role of language in your life? Have you ever realize the impact of language in your life? In my opinion, language is not as simple as people seen in general. Usually the way people see language just as a tool for communicating with others. For me, behind the general usage of language, it also has a big role in our life because a language has the power to stand and show each person’s identity. Inside the Gloria Anzaldua’s essay â€Å"How To Tame A Wild Tongue† and Amy Tan’s essay â€Å"Mother Tongue† claim that language is an identity. Because they show that language which they commonly use to communicate since the day they were born, showing who are they really are. Language as identity is very arguing phrases, it can be approach from a different perspective. This thing is exactly what are both of these essays are trying to do by approaching differently and using a different tone. Their life and experien ce give an impact to the way they interpret that language is an identity, and it also seen in each of their essays. In her essay’s, â€Å"How To Tame A Wild Tounge†, Gloria Anzaldua discusses her experience in finding her identity as a Hispanic. At the beginning of her essay’s she open it with her unpleasant experience with a dentist that almost lost his temper, it is because Anzaldua obstinate. So, aggressive and attacking tone seen on her essay. Besides that, she tells us that â€Å"she is being pressured and oppressed by theShow MoreRelatedThe Power Of Language1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Language Language is often defined   as a system of communication, a way for humans to interact with one another. Language itself can hold a great amount of power. It can express one s emotion, show love or hate, and could give meaning. For example an object has no identification unless the power of language is wielded to provide it a name based on its ability and function. Language often has a great influence on culture and religion. This is shown greatly in the cultures of the HebrewsRead MoreThe Power of Language1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Language Bob Jones 11-19-96 period 3 Mrs. Fox Of all possible human qualities, the one that wields the most power is the ability to use, understand and communicate effectively through language. A proficient use of language allows us to clearly communicate an exact idea from one person to another person or group of people. This precise science of being able to convey exactly what you want equates to the acquisition of power. An important link betweenRead MoreThe Power Of Language1931 Words   |  8 PagesNathalie Gregoire Professor Gladstone English 150 The Power Of Language In 1441 a nightmare was rained upon in african. For the first time, the life of slavery breathed on their land. tribes were torn apart and death was seen as the enemy. The europeans took the african people in shackles and forced them on a boat. for days and nights they sat crammed in one spot. dirt became part of their skin and bitterness tainted their hearts. many were hungry due to lack of food and sick due toRead MoreEnglish AS Language Essay - Language and Power958 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom language study, explore how written language is used to assert power Text H is a poster which displays the rules and information to students taking or entering an exam. It also is for the use of the invigilators, to inform them of the rules as well as the candidates. This poster will be shown right across the country to students preparing to take an exam. This is done to make sure there is regularity and equality everywhere, so that nowhere has different rules. The text asserts power usingRead More The Power of Language Essay793 Words   |  4 Pages The Power of Language nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If I say that I am currently employed with a major petroleum distribution center, you may think that I am a highly qualified person making limitless amounts of money. However, I am using the power of language to merely say that I work at a gas station making minimum wage. Great historical figures throughout history have used the power of language, the ability to use words to their advantage, to inspire people to unite under one common cause andRead MoreEssay on The Power Of Language1283 Words   |  6 Pages The Power of Language nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Of all possible human qualities, the one that wields the most power is the ability to use, understand and communicate effectively through language. A proficient use of language allows us to clearly communicate an exact idea from one person to another person or group of people. This precise science of being able to convey exactly what you want equates to the acquisition of power. An important link between language and power is persuasionRead MorePower Of Language In Lolita816 Words   |  4 Pagescapability to withhold information, exaggerate, belittle, and overall use the power of language to subdue the reader to perceive the story as they see fit. Once the reader begins the story under a characters narration, they are submissive to hear the story in which ever way the narrator wishes to provide the events. Lolita is narrated by the unlawful pedophile himself- Humbert Humbert- who constantly uses the power of language, which allows him to trick the reader to succumb to his wanted perceptionRead MorePower Of Language Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pageslife and joy. Language is a very powerful tool used by everyone. Our language and the words we use every day have power to change lives and our world. Language is defined as a â€Å"method of communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured or conventional way (Google Dictiona ry).† Whether structured papers or rambling thoughts, everything we think has power because of language. Looking through the history and rules of language, we can see how language can change,Read MoreThe Power And Ethics Of Language1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power and Ethics of Language It was April 2010. David Cameron and Gordon Brown were the political frontrunners of Great Britain. However, that realization was irrelevant with what was about to happen. Everyone was watching as the highly-anticipated, first televised debates in the United Kingdom began. The discourse ended after several hours, and a new candidate quickly emerged as the leader. His name was Nick Clegg. He led the Liberal Democrats, the smallest party. One might think about it overRead MorePower Of Language Essay2008 Words   |  9 Pagesliterature. I cannot give you much more than personal opinions on the English language and its variations in this country or others. I am a writer. And by that definition, I am someone who has always loved language. I am fascinated by language in daily life. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language -- the way it can evoke an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the tool of my trade. And I use them all -- all the Englishes I grew up with

Evaluation Of A Teacher, My Responsibility - 1056 Words

As a teacher, my responsibility is to encourage, attend, and examine the learning of my students. My primary goal is to educate my students. I must also have a solid way to judge what my students have learned and which direction their learning must take. An assessment that measures student learning and has the ability to prove what outcomes students have met is beneficially for both the students and the teacher. For the teacher, good and proper assessment practices will inform the teacher of where the students are in relation to the outcomes. It also helps to determine what topic the teacher needs to furthermore cover. I believe that assessments are essential to a classroom. It is also an ongoing process. Assessments are important for many reasons. It can be used to gather information that will help make better decisions about individual students in a classroom. It determines whether the goals or objectives have been met. It inspires me as the teacher to ask questions like â€Å"Am I teaching what I think I am teaching? and Are my students learning what they are supposed to be learning? Assessments lead teachers to make decisions about the purpose of the content that is being assessed. There are many form of assessments that I will utilize to diagnose my student’s learning. Pre-assessment is a useful tool to determine what students know before beginning a lesson. This will help to recognize ways to scaffold or present new information. Pre-assessments are essential becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Teacher Quality And Promote Learning1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of teacher evaluations is to ensure teacher quality and to promote learning. The Framework for Teaching, by Charlotte Danielson, has effectively identified 4 domains reflecting the responsibilities of teachers. The domains of teacher responsibility outlined in this evaluation tool are: Planning and Preparation, The Classroom Environment, Instruction, and Professional Responsibilities. Within each of the 4 domains, there are descriptive elements exemplifying the characteristics of theRead MoreThe Supervision And Evaluation Of Teachers788 Words   |  4 Pagescorrelation between stu dent achievement and teacher quality.† Direct supervision and evaluation of teachers should effectively address teacher quality, and thereby effect student learning and achievement. Bret Range, an associate professor of educational leadership at the University of Wyoming has written two papers and maintains a blog related to teacher supervision. His research indicates, â€Å"the key to teacher development lies within well-planned teacher supervisory activities.† The focus of thisRead MoreTeaching Interventions1347 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironments for students. At my internship, a team was developed in order to provide staff with weekly tips about different types of interventions. The team developed a name â€Å"The Tipster Tuesday Committee† which entailed two school psychologist, the intern, school counselor, special education reading/writing teacher, math teacher, social studies teacher, and an assistant principal. The committee worked together to develop different intervention strategies for teachers to utilize in the classroom.Read MoreThe Two Purposes Of Teacher Evaluation1347 Words   |  6 PagesSummarizing the Handbook The two purposes of teacher evaluation are to ensure teacher quality and promote professional learning. In order to thoroughly address how the instruments and protocols offered in the book support and align with the two purposes of teacher evaluation evidence of practice must be first taken into consideration. The framework uses evidence in order to evaluate teacher performance. According to Danielson (2008), â€Å"the term evidence is intended to convey the conversations aboutRead MoreThe Teaching Cycle and the Associated Responsibilities and Roles of the Teacher1649 Words   |  7 Pagesrefer to the teaching cycle and the associated roles and responsibilities of the teacher, most articles refer to either a four or five stage cycle. In this assignment I will cover the five stage cycle and concentrate on my role and responsibilities as a teacher in the lifelong learning sector. Wilson 2009 states that the teacher cycle should be a structured process, so it is split into five sections placing the teacher roles and responsibility into various groups. The cycle can begin at any givenRead MoreDescribe What Your Role, Responsibilities and Boundaries Would Be as a Teacher or Trainer in Terms of the Teaching and Learning Cycle. How Might â€Å"Equality†, â€Å"Diversity† and â€Å"Inclusion† Impact on a Learner’s Experience?1081 Words   |  5 Pagesyour role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher or trainer in terms of the teaching and learning cycle. How might â€Å"equality†, â€Å"diversity† and â€Å"inclusion† impact on a learner’s experience? Give examples from your own experience and research to support your assertions. â€Å"This submission is entirely my own work unless I have used quotation marks to indicate my reference to the work of others† As a teacher or trainer, there are a variety of roles and responsibilities that are importantRead MoreThe Danielson Framework For Teaching1378 Words   |  6 Pagesdomains of teaching responsibility† Each component defines a different aspects of its respective domain. Levels of teaching evaluation tools provide rubrics that describe each component and provide a tactic for improving teaching. The Danielson group also states that â€Å"the framework may be used as the foundation of a school or district’s mentoring, coaching, professional development, and teacher evaluation processes, thus linking all those activities together and helping teachers become more thoughtfulRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of a Teacher Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesRoles and Responsibilities as a Teacher As in every profession, roles, responsibilities and boundaries are set in order to define the line indicating the acceptable limits. Many people think the role of a teacher is just to teach students new skills; however the role goes much further than this, it can include assessor, verifier, advisor, record keeper, course designer, working with employers and personal tutor.   Within this position there are naturally a huge number of responsibilities relatedRead MoreSchool Administration And The School Board913 Words   |  4 Pagesschool administration when the local teachers’ association publicly criticized the administration and the school board? Even if they wanted to take action, there is nothing the Skyline School District Board of Education can do about the teachers’ exercising their First Amendment’s rights. Public school teachers, as public employees, are entitled to some First Amendment protections. The problem in any case is to arrive at a balance between the interests of the teacher, as a citizen, in commenting uponRead MoreRoles and Responsibilities of the Teacher in the Lifelong Learning Sector968 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Essay Title/ Level 4 Assessment: ‘Review what your role, responsibilities and boundaries as a teacher would be in terms of the teaching/ training cycle’? Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher in terms of the teaching/training cycle. Traditionally the role of the teacher has been as a purveyor of information and trusted to be the fount of all knowledge. This suggests that the teacher was the one in control of the passing of knowledge onto passive

Robert Frost Free Essays

Katelynn Black Robert Frost’s themes repeat themselves in many of his works. He frequently attributes mans relationship with the universe and alienation, nature, and death. Frost tended to use more than one of these themes in a single poem. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frost or any similar topic only for you Order Now Robert Frost’s outlook on life and his own personal experiences greatly influenced his writings. This shows the dark shadow that he lived in after many family tragedies, the death of his father, wife, and first child, followed by the suicide of his son and the mental illnesses of his daughter and his sister, which they were later institutionalized for. Robert Frost’s themes influenced many writers by his use of theme and emotion in his work. Frost’s themes have changed the ways by influencing authors to write about their feelings, dreams, and what they see in a whole new way; even today many authors looks to Robert Frost’s works for inspiration. Another theme of Frost’s is nature. He describes the surroundings with vivid details, allowing the readers to imagine the scenes placed before them. In one of his most famous poems, â€Å"Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening†, Frost greatly describes the experience so that the sensation presented is perceived accurately. A writer quotes, â€Å"This poem illustrates many of the qualities most characteristic to Frost; including the attention to natural detail, the relationship between human and nature, and the strong theme suggested by individual lines†(Napierkowski 1). Frost says, â€Å"My little horse must think it’s queer to stop without a farmhouse near between the woods and frozen lake the darkest evening of the year†(Frost 7). This line infers that it’s a cold night, but he still has time to stop in a secluded field to appreciate the beauty of the natural scene. In this poem he also says, â€Å"†¦The only other sound’s the sweep of easy wind and downy flake the woods are lovely, dark, and deep, but I have promises to keep.. â€Å"(Frost 11). Here Frost is commenting on how peaceful it is in the field, but expressing how he has no desire to enter the woods, for he still has things he must do. Gerber comments saying, â€Å".. looks upon a traveler mesmerized by the black trees yet unwilling to enter. this time with ‘promises to keep’, the traveler has a ready rationalization for withstanding the bait†(Gerber 10). There is a similar scene in, â€Å"Desert Places†, that talks of the mystery of the snow. â€Å"Snow falling fast, oh, fast in a field I looked into going past, and the ground almost covered smooth in snow, but a few weeds and stubble showing last†(Frost 1). Here the traveler exhibits that he has no time to stop in the field, but he notices the weeds that have yet to be completely covered. Frost’s use of detail when describing theme theme of nature is very potent in his writing, it allows a clear scene to be viewed and he deserves ample credit for his impeccable creations. How to cite Robert Frost, Papers Robert Frost Free Essays A Road Through the Poetry of Robert Frost http://mrsmith1. hubpages. com/hub/The-Poetry-of-Robert-Frost A Critical Analysis of Robert Frost’s â€Å"Provide Provide† Read more: http://studentacademichelp. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frost or any similar topic only for you Order Now blogspot. com/2011/11/critical-analysis-of-robert-frosts. html#ixzz1yN2lzjsN â€Å"Provide Provide† paints a dreary picture of the ravaging powers of time and how time can take its toll without any pity or concern whatsoever. Even the most beautiful and ravishing things aren’t spared. They too undergo the same fate. Provide provide† reiterates the universal truth about beauty’s ephemeral nature. It is only matter of time when everything beautiful turns ugly. The inevitability of ruin and decay is built into the very fabric of life. Nobody can escape it; nothing is forever, nothing is permanent. Read more: http://studentacademichelp. blogspot. com/2011/11/critical-analysis-of-robert-frosts. html#ixzz1yN2Rv1Cx In the fifth stanza, Frost writes: â€Å"What worked for them might work for you. † Meaning you can look at people before you, to take example if that’s the way you want to live and die. But once again everything comes down to the decisions you make that would eventually shape your life. If you think that the meaning of life is to be rich and famous, than make such a decision and put your all out efforts into making it a reality. If all you wish for is to live life for your family than you should stay loyal and true to yourself. At least such choice is yours if not else. Hence, the poem is an attempt at finding a way to live happily and dying happily at all costs. Read more: http://studentacademichelp. blogspot. com/2011/11/critical-analysis-of-robert-frosts. html#ixzz1yN3CI6hK How to cite Robert Frost, Essay examples Robert Frost Free Essays A Snowy Evening with Robert Frost Robert Frost once said, â€Å"It begins as a lump in the throat, a sense of wrong, a homesickness, a loneliness. It is never a thought to begin with. It is at best when it is a tantalizing vagueness. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert Frost or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (â€Å"Poetry Foundation† n. d. ). This poem holds a lot of mystery in its meaning which has a variety of interpretations. John T. Ogilvie who wrote, â€Å"From Woods to Stars: A pattern of Imagery in Robert Frost’s Poetry† interprets this as a poem about the journey through life. James G. Hepburn who wrote, â€Å"Robert Frost and His Critics† took a different approach. He believes this poem to be about the aesthetics and moral action. This poem contains a variety of literary devices that not only describe the scenery but also the scene itself. Despite its critics who believe this poem to be about the scenery and moral action, Robert Frost’s poem is best understood as a journey through life, because its literary design allows many to have interpreted it this way. â€Å"To watch his woods fill up with snow† â€Å"To stop without a farm house near/ Between the woods and frozen lake/ The darkest evening of the year. † â€Å"The only other sound’s the sweep/ Of easy wind and downy flake. â€Å"The woods are lovely, dark and deep,† (842-843). The description of the woods is seductive because of the rhyme scheme, AABA/BBCB/CCDC/DDDD. Robert Frost has made comments about the form of this poem, â€Å"a series of almost reckless commitments I feel good in having guarded it so. [It is]†¦my heavy duty poem to be examin ed for the rime pairs. † (Frost on Stopping by Woods N. D. ). The English language is not as rhyme friendly as other languages such as Italian or French. The English language is a melting pot of many different languages limiting the amount of words that rhyme. As John Ciardi says, â€Å"In ‘Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening’ Frost took a long chance. He decided to rhyme not two lines, but three in each stanza. Not even Frost could have sustained that much rhyme in a long poem. † (Ciardi, How Does a Poem Mean? ). This allows the reader to be hypnotized by the rhythm Frost has created. By repeating the ‘o’ sound, ‘though’ also starts the series of rhymes that will soon get the better of the reader. For example this is seen clearly in the opening lines of the poem, â€Å"Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; / He will not see me stopping here/ to watch his woods fill up with snow/. † (842). As the reader begins to recognize the pattern of the poem it guides them into the same drowsy feeling as the narrator is experiencing. James G. Hepburn, who wrote â€Å"Robert Frost and His Critics,† says, â€Å"Each of the first three stanzas begins flatly; each rises, with the last line or two lines, towards the spell; but not until the end of the third stanza is the rise powerful, and not until the opening of the fourth and final stanza is the rise sustained rather than broken. So from the above lines and evidence we can interpret these lines as follows. The narrator is most likely returning home from some errand that took him far away from his home. He is riding his horse late at night or late day and has stumbled upon some beautiful scenery. This is when he decides to stop and take in everything that he is seeing. When the narrator first stopped in the woods he has a good idea of whose land this is, which is stated in the first two lines. Rueben A. Bower who wrote, â€Å"The Poetry of Robert Frost: Constellations of Intention† says, â€Å"The very tentative tone of the opening line lets us into the mood without quite sensing where it will lead, just as the ordinariness of ‘though’ at the end of the second line assures us that we are in the world. † Robert Frost did not start this poem with the magical whimsy of the woods but instead with the mood they contain (Hepburn 1962) â€Å"Whose woods these are I think I know. / His house is in the village though; / He will not see me stopping here/ to watch his woods fill up with snow/. (842). By doing this he allows the reader to have a better understanding of why the narrator would stop to look upon this beautiful scenery. As Hepburn says in his article, â€Å"Robert Frost and His Critics† â€Å"The mood that the poem induces in the reader nullifies his acceptance of the intention expressed by the traveler. The sum of the reader’s experience of the poem is different from the meaning of the traveler’s experience of the woods. Presumably the traveler goes home to supper, to his duties, and to the rest of his journey through life; but these things are not the poem. Frost made some comments on the factors mood plays in a poem, â€Å"†¦ the poet’s intention is of course a particular mood that won’t be satisfied with anything less than its own fulfillment. † (Hepburn 1962). This poem isn’t a recreated experience but meant to be an experience in itself. This poem has some interesting symbolism in it takes us on a journey through a man’s life. When the narrator first stops, instead of questioning himself, he questions what the horse thinks, â€Å"My little horse must think it queer† (842). By questioning the horse, he is really questioning his own reasons, which people often do while they make life decisions or everyday decisions. The horse is also a symbol of time the horse is questioning his stopping and urges him to move on to prevent the further loss of time (Anonymous). When the narrator’s horse shakes his harness bells, he then becomes a symbol, as John Ciardi thinks, â€Å".. order of life that does not understand why a man stops in the winter middle of nowhere to watch snow come down. † The horse is the will power persistent in the subconscious of a man. The horse urges him to get back to his business by the shake of his harness bells which is indirectly contrast the narrator who would like to stay in the woods. Even though his horse is urging him to be responsible he continues to be enticed by the soft lull of the woods just like the reader is. For example, â€Å"He gives his harness bells a shake/ To ask if there is some mistake. † (842). The sound of the horses harness bells is contrasting against the sounds of the woods described as, â€Å"The only other sound’s the sweep/ Of easy wind and downy flake. (843). This is the woods contradicting the symbolism of the horse making their presence relevant. In life there are often two main choices to be made. Similar to this poem the narrator can either stay in the woods or go back to his everyday life. The speaker is going ahead and his ‘sleep’ may be the symbol for the end of his life. The journey in this poem turns out to be more complicated than the life of an average man. The darkness of the woods is symbolic of the ‘easy’ way out or the path people before him have taken. The wind and downy flakes also have a similar symbolism. While the flakes appear to be soft, they are also cold which is less forgiving. The reader and the narrator share all of the experiences together as the poem goes on. For example, the line â€Å"The darkest evening of the year. † (842) is a correlation between life and the obligations he is carrying. This line also adds an unbroken curve of rhythm. As Ruben A. Bower (1963) goes on to explain, it adds to the sense of moving into a spell-world. We note the linking rhymes that tie in with the first stanza. Different symbols in this poem though reveal that stop in the poem could be referring to death or the journey through life. In this phrase â€Å"Between the woods and frozen lake†, the wood becomes a symbol of life while the frozen lake signifies death. When the speaker reaches the woods, he finds a world offering perfect, quiet and solitude, existing side by side with the realization that there is also another world, a world of people and social obligation. Both worlds have a claim on the poet. He stops by the wood on this â€Å"darkest evening of the year† to watch them â€Å"fill up with snow†, and remains there so long that his â€Å"little horse† shakes his â€Å"harness bells† to ask if there is â€Å"some mistake† (842). That little horse’s action reminds him of the â€Å"promises† he has to keep and the miles he still has to travel. (843). The theme of this poem is a journey, and not simply a journey through the woods but through life itself. There is an expectant tone throughout the poem. The narrator stops for a brief time to meditate and realizes he needs to continue on his journey through the woods and his journey through life. This poem also has a â€Å"romantic† theme as well as subject. Again the speaker is returning home and stops to take in the beautiful scenery. As the urgency to move on becomes more apparent the narrator begins to regret that he must leave. The narrator is romanticizing what he is passing which is time and pleasure. â€Å"He gives his harness bells a shake/ To ask if there is some mistake. / The only other sound’s the sweep/ Of easy wind and downy flake. † (842-843). For example, the words â€Å"lovely† â€Å"snow† â€Å"lake† â€Å"evening† and â€Å"easy wind and downy flake† (840-843) are all romantic in nature. Also the way the narrator talks about nature makes the loving relationship he has with it a romantic notion. â€Å"The only other sound’s the sweep/ Of easy wind and downy flake. † (843). It is also seen in this line, â€Å"To watch his woods fill up with snow. / †¦ Between the woods and frozen lake/ The darkest evening of the year. † (842). As Jeffrey Meyers says, â€Å"The theme of â€Å"Stopping by Woods†Ã¢â‚¬â€œdespite Frost’s disclaimer–is the temptation of death, even suicide, symbolized by the woods that are filling up with snow on the darkest evening of the year. The speaker is powerfully drawn to these woods and–like Hans Castorp in the â€Å"Snow’ chapter of Mann’s  Magic Mountain–wants to lie down and let the snow cover and bury him. The third quatrain, with its drowsy, dream-like line: â€Å"Of easy wind and downy flake,† opposes the horse’s instinctive urge for home with the man’s subconscious desire for death in the dark, snowy woods. The speaker says, â€Å"The woods are lovely, dark and deep,† but he resists their morbid attraction. † (Meyers 1996). The journey threw life and the temptations of death and the peace it may bring some individuals is the theme of this poem. Although some may not agree with this interpretation of Robert Frost â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† like James G. Hepburn who thinks, â€Å"This poem is a tribute to the New England sense of duty.. † (Hepburn 1962). But as you have seen this poem is about a journey through life. The way the poem uses literary tactics lead us to this very specific interpretation. As Robert Frost once said, â€Å"A poem begins in delight and ends in wisdom. † (Frost on Stopping by Woods N. D. ). How to cite Robert Frost, Papers

Telephone Consultations For General Practiceâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Telephone Consultations For General Practice? Answer: Introducation Here, Jayne is taking over the practice from James Bromley, the old auditor, this is not only the taking over of the practice but the taking over of the client as well that James used to handle. This is not against the ethical practice as the old person or firm can give the information and tax details about the clients but the prior permission is needed to be taken from the client, which James is already taking. Hence, it is in line with the General Ethical principle and hence, not a violation. This was also required for James to understand the client business, the nature of the products and services being given by the client, the past period performance in order to give the better service to him going forward. (Boccia Leonardi, 2016) Professional indemnity insurance is a form of general liability insurance policy taken by the professionals like doctors, engineers, accountants and auditors to protect the professional advice providing firms and individuals from bearing the entire cost of defending against negligence filed by the client. Here, since Fred Hingarra is starting the professional advice and audit after a long time of 6 years, she would be needing an insurance against it. Even though this will be her first audit, still it is legal and not against the General Ethical Principles. This is very prevelant in US states and is in compliance with the law. (Downes, et al., 2017) The assurance being provided by the Asquith Accountants through advertisement in the newspaper that they would be getting the clients with the tax refund within 10 days is completely against the General Ethical Policy as it forbids the accountants to make an advertisement in the newspaper to do so. Moreover, tax refund involves government intervention and several other regulatory issues which may take time and giving false commitment to the client that within 10 days, tax refund would be there is against the professional code of conduct and the given firm may be accused or held guilty and be penalised for this.(Capaldi, et al., 2017) In the given case, Amy Harriss is one the practising chartered accountants who might have been approached by the local athletic club to be the treasurer whom she is not auditing. Even though it is a not for profit organization, this is well under the General Ethical Principles and is not a non compliance against the law. She can be the treasurer of the club besides being practicing in her profession as those do not clash with each other and she is also not involved in any of the promotional tricks of her firm by being the treasurer of the NPO club. (Fay Negangard, 2017) Gordan Accountants have audited the files of Simtec LTd for more than a month and would be releasing the audit report in some time but the statement by Simtec that the payment is dependent upon the appropriate audit report is against the ethics being practiced by the auditors and hence is a violation of the General Ethical Principles. This is not to be accepted by the auditors and they cant release the biased an unfair report for the want of the payment as many decisions of the external and internal stakeholders are dependent on the audit report. Moreover, in case of being influenced and releasing a wrong audit repport, the auditor would be held liable and be guilty for punishment. In the given question both the parties David Dale the accountant as well as Cheap Insuarance Company would be at default considering the workplace ethics. As per the General Ethical Principles, the auditors cannot share the data of the clients with any other party without their permission. Moreover, it is against the principle of confidentiality and this the breach of the law for which the accountant may be penalised and the practicing may be revoked on these grounds. This commission cannot be taken by the accountant. Further, it is the responsibility of David to decline it immediately and bring any such issue to the notice of the relevant accounting board of the state for necessary punitive actions.(Heminway, 2017) In the given case, Katrina Ng, a senior accountant of the client team is being replaced by one of the members of Thornleigh Accountants for 4 months on a secondment basis. Later on this accounting firm is also using the services of Ellen Davis who was on client side for the last 4 months and will now be a part of the audit team. This is serious matter of non complaiance of independence of the auditor as required by the accounting boards and will affect the quality of the audit services as Ellen may be baised on both the sides and true and fair view of the audit will be a challenge. (Anon., 2016) Here as per the accounts received, a very optimistic approach has been taken while valuation of the development expenditure which was capitalised in the value of the intangible assets. Development expenditures are capitalised only when they have future economic benefit and those that the related to the intangibles, but the senior staffs bonuses cannot be attributed to the intangible and is just a sharing of the firms profit. Even though extracts of accounting standards have been provided, but taking a sympathetic approach is against the independence of auditor as the standard asks for substance over form and not the emotional or sympathetic ground for capitalization of expenses. This needs to be reported in the annual reportof the company as a non compliance and deviation from the accounting The Chocolate firmfor which the audit is being done by my company is selling the defective chocolates to the customers at a considerable discount. This is one of the part of the physical checking processes during the audit and is a critical qualitative information which should be reported in the audit report. This may have the bearing on the companys sales and profits in the coming future and thus the stakeholders needs to be aware of the same. In case the auditor foregoes the reporting of this qualititative information, even though it relates to the 2nd firm of the client, this will lead to the independence issue.(Turban, et al., 2017) In the given case, even though the auditor is doing the audit of Expert travels for the last 2 years and has been requested by the Managing Director of the client to be flexible in approach during the next audit which would include others entities as well is not acceptable. This past relationship of auditor with the client cannot be taken as precedence to go away with the independence and professional ethics and give a wrong opinion or being involved in the frauds and adjustments in the financial statements.(FindLaw, 2016) Here the concept of related party is being touched upon as the senior member of the audit team has been engaged to the senior accountant of the client which will not only impact the independence of the auditor but can impact of the reporting and other critical and crucial information which may be hidden from the stakeholders in the wake of related parties being involved. This is forbidden by the Professional Ethics where the related party cannot do the audit of the client. The solution to it can be the change in the audit team who is going to audit the clients financial statements. (Flix, 2017) Here again in the given case the senior auditor of the audit team is involved or palays for the same team as the accountants of the clients team play for. There is no where business or audit being involved in the given issue, since neither they are professionally related nor personally and so the question of independence is not being overridden. But it may depend on case to case basis and independence may be hampered in case the business related matters are being shared in between the auditor and the clients accountants. (Wang, et al., 2017) A public company is under a lot of regulatory requirement and has to disclose a lot of key matters in the Audit report of the financial statements. The first and foremost thing to be reported is the type of opinion on the financials which can be unqualified opinion i.e., clean report and which is giving a true, unbiased and fair view of affairs without aany material misstatements or it can be qualified opinion where the reason for qualification has to be mentioned alongwith all the material matters and whether the company has complied with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and respective accounting board. (Fay Negangard, 2017) It has to also report whether it is in agreement with the statutory obligations and requirements, whetherteh financial statements have been prepared using relevant IFRS standards, whether all the disclosures and notes on accounts which should have been mentioned have been properly disclosed alongwith the deviations and reasons of deviations and whet her there is any change in the accounting policy, principles or change in the accounting estimates and the reason and effect of the same. There can be other report types like adverse audit report or even disclaimer of opinion in case the auditor are not being able to establish any opinion on financial statements in the absence of information. References Anon., 2016. When is a Heads of Agreement legally enforceable?. [Online] Available at: https://legalvision.com.au/heads-agreement-legally-enforceable/ [Accessed 8th August 2016]. Boccia, F. Leonardi, R., 2016. The Challenge of the Digital Economy. Markets, Taxation and Appropriate Economic Models, pp. 1-16. Capaldi, N., Idowu, S. Schmidpeter, R., 2017. Dimensional Corporate Governance. CSR, Sustainability, Ethics Governance, pp. 175-187. Downes, M., Mervin, M., Byrnes, J. Scuffham, P., 2017. Telephone consultations for general practice: a systematic review. Systematic Reviews, July.pp. 1-10. Fay, R. Negangard, E., 2017. Manual journal entry testing : Data analytics and the risk of fraud. Journal of Accounting Education, Volume 38, pp. 37-49. Flix, M., 2017. 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